The use of DNA to exonerate an individual under the post-conviction Essay

The utilization of DNA to excuse a person under the post-conviction utilization of DNA proof or the assessment of blood-liquor level - Essay Example For the most part, to be acceptable the logical proof must have probative worth. To include, the proof must be appeared to have adequate premise to deliver uniform and sensibly steady outcomes that impact substantially to the ascertainment of truth. Like all other criminal cases, the indictment in DUI offenses, have the obligation to demonstrate past the sensible uncertainty that, at the hour of the offense, the blamed blood liquor focus was past as far as possible (levinson D 2002). In many wards, as far as possible range from 0.08% to 1%. Therefore, it is urgent for the indictment to get organic examples, for instance, blood, pee or terminated air that would indisputably demonstrate that the blamed blood liquor level was past as far as possible. In this manner, measurable proof is central, to show that the genuine blood level fixation, that it surpassed the breaking point. To acquire the blood liquor fixation, police extricates body substances of the presume which they subject to t esting. Be that as it may, in the field, it is unfeasible to acquire and test blood and pee test because of the skill and time required. In this manner, police depend on the utilization of breath testing gadgets, (of which breathalyzer is one the different kinds.), since they are anything but difficult to work, exact and solid in the field. The breathalyzer works through testing of the suspect’s lapsed breath or the alveolar air. It works on henry’s law that expresses that at, a consistent temperature and weight, the centralization of a gas that has broken down in a fluid is corresponding to the grouping of the air that is legitimately above it. In this manner, the alveolar air lapsed is typically at harmony with blood. Thusly, the breathalyzer takes a shot at the presumption that the liquor fixation in the alveolar air has an immediate relationship with the blood liquor focus, BAC. Upon utilization, liquor is neither processed nor artificially modified in the dissemin ation. While the blood going through the lungs, a portion of the liquor goes through the layer and into the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, and it dissipates since it is unstable. In this manner, it blends in with the alveoli air, which is in this way breathed out. Thus, the convergence of liquor noticeable all around sacs is proportional to that in that, in the blood. The breathed out air is the one that is identified by the breathalyzer. The liquor fixation in the alveolar air breathed out is at that point enlarged by a factor alluded to as the parcel proportion. This is done to relate the perusing to BAC, through transformation of the focus estimated in the breath to the coordinating liquor fixation in the blood. The breathalyzer takes a shot at the supposition that the proportion of the proportion of breath liquor to blood liquor is 2100:1. This implies the focus in each 2100 ml alveolar air is proportional to that in 1Ml of blood (Begleiter H, Kissin B 1996). The breathalyzer has a mouth piece through which the presume blows the breathed out air and an example of the equivalent goes to the example chamber. What follows is a progression of substance responses. The breathalyzer contains a framework to test the breath of the suspect, 2 glass vials that contain synthetic response blends, and a progression of photocells joined to a meter to that quantifies the shading change that outcomes from the compound response. For viability, the breathalyzer must be directed by a certified administrator and

Pre Natal Diognostic Techniques Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Regulation and Prevention of Misuse ) Act, 1994, was authorized and brought into activity from first January, 1996, so as to investigate female foeticide in India. Rules have other than been surrounded under the Act. The Act denies finding and disclosure of the sex of hatchling I. We will compose a custom paper test on Pre Natal Diognostic Techniques Health And Social Care Essay or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now e. antenatal sex understanding by twisting diverse pre-natal demonstrative strategies and processs. It other than precludes any advertizements partner to pre-natal finding of sex and endorses punishment for its debate. Any person who repudiates the commissariats of this Act is culpable with detainment and mulct. As of late, PNDT Act[ 1 ]and Rules[ 2 ]have been revised keeping up in position the developing engineerings and new pre-natal analytic methods for decision of sex when build and employments looked in the working of execution of the ACT and certain waies of Hon’ble Supreme Court after a PIL was recorded in May, 2000 by CEHAT and Ors, a NGO on moderate execution of the Act. These corrections have come into activity with outcome from fourteenth February, 2003 PRE-NATAL DIOGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Pre-birth indicative demonstrating includes demonstrating the hatchling before the birth ( prenatally ) inorder to discover with respect to whether the baby has certain abnormalcies, including certain familial or self-created familial surprises. A portion of these preliminaries, for example, echography and certain blood preliminaries, are regularly part of ordinary pre-birth consideration. Ultrasonography and blood preliminaries are protected and some of the time help discover whether progressively intrusive antenatal familial preliminaries (, for example, chorionic villus examining, amniocentesis, and transdermal umbilical blood inspecting ) are required. Pre-birth diagnosing empowers early diagnosing of characteristic anomalousnesss and familial surprises in the immature undeveloped organism. The populace risk of holding a child with some innate abnormalcy, regardless of whether hereditarily as well as naturally decided, changes somewhere in the range of 3 and 5 % . In families at danger of a familial bombshell the possibility of holding an influenced child can rise above a few overlay the populace risk, thus in these family units pre-birth indicative processs ought to be simply applied.[ 3 ] Progressed imagine ofing strategies each piece great as cytogenetic and atomic organic science techniques give the offices to name prenatally army innate basic disfigurements and familial miracles in high-danger families. Early diagnosing in utero can turn out key to course of the incubation, antenatal and baby blues clinical consideration, and intercession. It is other than essential to doing educated conclusions about go oning or finishing the growth. Familial direction in relationship with current antenatal demonstrative processs establishes a fundamental part of bar of natural anomalousnesss and familial bombshells. The methodology of antenatal direction and diagnosing is submitted mostly to reassigning data which expects to help the guardians: †1. To comprehend and concede the indicants for antenatal diagnosing, 2. To comprehend the clinical features of doing the diagnosing of a familial sickness or an inalienable abnormalcy ( by qualifying the steamed, type of legacy, the danger of holding an influenced kid in successive coevalss ) , 3. To do educated picks about the sufficient for a given pathology and worthy symptomatic methodology ( by portraying the conceivable analytic strategies and processs, their advantages, limitations and risks ) . Blending to World Health Organization ( WHO ) and European Commission ‘s proposals, antenatal diagnosing ought to be willful and performed only so as to get cognizance about fetal wellbeing position ( as portrayed by clinical indicants ) . Plausibility of antenatal diagnosing ought to be equivalent, just, and accessible to anybody, regardless of the pair ‘s or clinical practician ‘s disposition towards termination of incubation. In case of having an unnatural result, the assurance about lapse of the incubation ought to be made autonomously by the grown-up female or the couple. People groups doing such judgments ought to non be victimized, whatever assurance they have made: either finishing the development or bringing forth an impaired child. Techniques for antenatal diagnosing can be isolated into: †( a ) Non-Invasive ; and ( B ) Invasive strategies. NON-INVASIVE PROCEDURES Non-Invasive strategies are utilized for naming inherent anomalousnesss and danger evaluation of given familial bombshells ( testing ) aë†? Ultrasound: Routine obstetric ultrasound examine: †Everyday obstetric ultrasound checking performed by the obstetrician pull offing the incubation. Measures for ordinary growths accommodate four sweeps did at: 11-14 hebdomads, 21-26 hebdomads, 27-32 hebdomads, and 40 hebdomad of development. High-goals ultrasound output and Doppler surveies: †Performed in any incubation with an expanded peril of fetal auxiliary abnormalcies, detached or bit of a familial condition. Womans are alluded for high-goals ultrasound to authority Centers pull offing awful incubations. In ongoing mature ages 3-dimensional ultrasound ( 3D ) and 4-dimensional ultrasound ( 4D ) have begun to play an expanding capacity in antenatal diagnosing. They can be applied in estimating facial qualities, cardinal sensory system abnormalcies and skeletal imperfections. Fetal chest echocardiography: †Performed at 18-23 hebdomads of incubation within the sight of an expanded danger of chest imperfection ( for delineation: chest deformity in a parent or kin, unnatural business as usual ultrasound ) aë†? Attractive reverberation creative mind ( MRI ) X-ray is utilized in mix with ultrasound, typically at or after 18 hebdomads ‘ incubation. X-ray gives an instrument to investigation of fetuss with large or complex anomalousnesss, and visual picture of the abnormalcy according to the full natural structure of the hatchling. Clearly MRI is a riskless strategy. aë†? Maternal serum organic chemistry demonstrating Intrusive PROCEDURES Intrusive processs include direct examination of fetal cells or tissues. Traditional cytogenetic, atomic and biochemical techniques ( performed on unstudied or cultivated cells ) are the regularly utilized in antenatal intrusive diagnosing. The processs should take topographic point in specializer Centers that oversee terrible incubations. While sing intrusive techniques all indicants and gauges should be painstakingly assessed as there is a significant risk to the gestation[ 4 ]. Obtrusive procedures include: aë†? Chorionic villus inspecting ( trophoblast cells investigation ) aë†? Amniocentesis ( amnionic liquid cells investigation ) aë†? Cordocentesis ( Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling ) According to The Pre-origination and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Prohibition of Sex Selection ) Act, 1994, pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques includes[ 5 ]: †Ultra-sonography Fetoscopy Taking examples of amnionic liquid, undeveloped organism, blood or any tissue or liquid of pregnant grown-up females previously or after develop, Testing tests in Genetic Laboratory to watch familial miracles, abnormalcies or sex-connected maladies Out of the above expressed antenatal procedures, the most ordinarily utilized sex-assurance preliminary is ammnicentesis. It was utilized as a help to watch any abnormalcy in the unborn child. However, over the mature ages it has been utilized to discover the sex of the baby. In India since 1978 the preliminary is being utilized as a sex finding or sex preselection preliminary. Since so the preliminary has gotten profoundly well known and has prompted a mushrooming of private centers which play out the preliminary everywhere throughout the state. Prior doctors utilized the disputable amniocentesis preliminary done between 14-18 hebdomads to discover the sex of the foetus.The ultrasound strategy has other than been improved. The sex of a baby can be controlled by increasingly refined machines inside 13-14 hebdomads of development by trans-vaginal echography and by 14 to 16 hebdomads through stomach ultrasound. These techniques have rendered sex finding modest and simple. Some advanced technique like Erison strategy which isolates the Ten and Y Chromos from the sperm thus Injects back just Y chromos into the uterus to ensure a male kid have other than been created. Furthermore, they cost around Rupees 15,000 to 25,000.[ 6 ] THE PROBLEM OF FOETICIDE IN INDIA The Women who comprise half of the human populace have been segregated, annoyed and abused regardless of the state to which they have a place, distracted of the confidence which they declare and incognizant of the time span in which they live.[ 7 ]Everywhere grown-up females are stood up to with numerous difficulties. Female foeticide is potentially one of the most exceedingly awful signifiers of power against grown-up females where a grown-up female is denied her generally essential and cardinal right i.e â€Å" the privilege to life † . The wonder of female foeticide in India is non new, where female undeveloped organisms or fetuss are specifically disposed of after pre-natal sex finding, subsequently smothering miss kid even before they are conceived. As a result of specific premature birth, somewhere in the range of 35 and 40 million misss and grown-up females are losing from the Indian populace. In certain pieces of the express, the sex proportion of misss to young men ha s dropped to under 800:1000. The United Nations has communicated genuine worry about the situation. The long standing convention of kid propensity, combined with clinical designing presently provides for the position witting Indian families, the pick between installment of huge doweries for their young ladies or riddance of young ladies. The customary technique for securing free of the undesirable miss kid was female child murder, where the female angel was done off with after birth in grouped manners †either by harming the darling or permitting her stifling loop on refuse or simply by persecuting her skull und

Types of Borderline Personality Disorder Medications

Types of Borderline Personality Disorder Medications BPD Treatment Print Types of Borderline Personality Disorder Medications By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on July 17, 2019 sturti/Getty Images More in BPD Treatment Diagnosis Living With BPD Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Antidepressants Antipsychotics Mood Stabilizers/Anticonvulsants Anxiolytics Other Medications View All Back To Top Borderline personality disorder is sometimes treated with medications for anxiety or depression, which have been shown to reduce some of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD). While there are currently no medications approved by the FDA to treat BPD, they have been found to be effective in some cases.?? Also, medications may be used to treat psychological conditions that frequently co-occur with BPD, such as major depressive disorder. Medications may be particularly effective for BPD when they are used in conjunction with psychotherapy and other treatments. Learning more about the different options will help you find the right medication choice for you. Borderline Personality Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Antidepressants While antidepressants were specifically developed for individuals with major depressive disorder and other disorders characterized by low mood, many individuals with BPD are treated with these medications.?? There are several types of antidepressants that have been studied for use with BPD, including tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).?? Research has shown that these medications may help with the sadness, low mood, anxiety, and emotional reactivity often experienced by people with BPD, but they do not seem to have a strong effect on other symptoms of the disorder (e.g., anger, impulsivity). Common antidepressants include: Nardil (phenelzine)Prozac (fluoxetine)Zoloft (sertraline)Effexor (venlafaxine)Wellbutrin (bupropion) Antipsychotics The term borderline was coined because early psychiatrists believed that the symptoms of BPD were on the border between neurosis and psychosis. For this reason, some of the first medications tested for BPD were antipsychotics. Since this time, it has been found that antipsychotics can have a positive effect on a variety of non-psychotic disorders, including BPD. Antipsychotics have been shown to reduce anxiety, paranoid thinking, anger/hostility, and impulsivity in patients with BPD.?? Common antipsychotics include: Haldol (haloperidol)Zyprexa (olanzapine)Clozaril (clozapine)Seroquel (quetiapine)Risperdal (risperidone) (Risperdal) Mood Stabilizers/Anticonvulsants Medications with mood stabilizing properties, such as lithium, and some anticonvulsant (anti-seizure) medications, have been used to treat the impulsive behavior and rapid changes in emotion that are associated with BPD.?? There is research to suggest that these classes of drugs may be useful in BPD. Common mood stabilizers/anticonvulsants include: Lithobid (lithium carbonate)Depakote (valproate)Lamictal (lamotrigine)Tegretol or Carbatrol (carbamazepine) Anxiolytics (Anti-Anxiety) Because individuals with BPD also often experience intense anxiety, medications to reduce anxiety are sometimes prescribed. Unfortunately, there is very little research to support the use of anti-anxiety medication to treat BPD. Also, there is some evidence that uses of a particular class of anxiolytics, benzodiazepines (e.g., Ativan, Klonopin), may actually cause a worsening of symptoms for some individuals with BPD, and should be prescribed with caution.?? Benzodiazepines are particularly dangerous for use by individuals with co-occurring substance use disorders because they can be habit-forming. Buspar, an anxiolytic that is not habit-forming, is an alternative to medications from the benzodiazepine family. Common anxiolytics include: Ativan (lorazepam)Klonopin (clonazepam)Xanax (alprazolam)Valium (diazepam)Buspar (buspirone) Other Borderline Personality Disorder Medications As we learn more about the biological causes of BPD, new medications are being developed and tested for the disorder. For example, findings from one study suggest that an omega-3-fatty acid supplement can lead to decreased aggression and feelings of hostility in people with BPD.

Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Essay example

Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Human induced climate change resulting from an enhanced greenhouse effect is probably the greatest environmental threat facing the world today. Specifically, the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide may be classified as the primary culprit. As a result of greenhouse gases entering the upper levels of the earths atmosphere, it diminishes or breaks down the earths Ozone layer. With this loss of this protective blanket, harmful radioactive rays from the sun enter the deeper into the earths atmosphere. This creates a rise in the overall temperature of our planet, along with alterations in the global environment, ecosystems and way of life for the habitants of earth. The earth†¦show more content†¦I think a considerable measure that can be taken would be to address the threat of climate change to the main international countries contributing to it. I think all countries should discuss and create a solution to minimize the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases at a level that would prevent dangerous interference with the earthsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ climate change. Such a level should be achieved within a timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure food production is not threatened and to allow economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. One example of this in our world today is the use of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Green Buildingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? technology or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sustainable Designà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in architectural design of structures. This innovative idea of building allows structures to be built using recycled materials or substances that are less harmful to the environment. The e fficient use of light and energy would be the most concentrated means of achieving a specific design goal. Aside from the political and legal measures taken in this matter, I feel companies need to undertake voluntary measures to address the climate change. As residents of earth, it is essential to be aware of the impacts onesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ company is generating. A company should measure their greenhouse gas emission and assess the impacts of these gases from their products. Companies should also try toShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And The Greenhouse Effect1588 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming is the increase in the average surface temperature of the Earth due to the effect of the buildup of greenhouse gases, due to deforestation and burning fossil fuels which causes the heat to be trapped that would otherwise escape from the earth. To understand global warming, you need to understand the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is actually essential for life on earth to exist as it allows the planet to remain warm enough to sustain life. For example if we consider forRead MoreThe Greenhouse Effect And Global Warming1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe greenhouse effect and global warming are issues that are talked about by geologists all the time. The greenhouse effect is a natural process that keeps the earth at temperatures that are livable. Energy from the sun warms the earth when its heat rays are absorbed by greenhouse gasses and become trapped in the atmosphere. Some of the most common greenhouse gasses are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. If there were no greenhouse gasses, very few rays would be absorbed and the earthRead MoreGlobal Warming and the Greenhouse Effect1974 Words   |  8 PagesThe Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming Recently, global warming has moved to a serious scientific issue. Because sunlight is constantly falling on the earth, the law of physics say that the planet has to radiate the same amount of energy back into space. Infrared radiation is sent out by the earth through the atmosphere, where molecules (carbon dioxide) hold outgoing radiation for a while, warming the surface.1 The molecules are kind of like glass in a greenhouse which is why this processRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Greenhouse Effect1917 Words   |  8 PagesThe Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is the result of the interaction of the atmosphere of a world and the radiation emitted from the Sun and planet. This process essentially makes a world warmer that it would be. As we will learn in this chapter there are many factors that determine the strength of a world’s greenhouse effect including a world’s size, the world’s distance from the Sun and the strength of a world’s magnetic field. Before you can learn about the factors that influence the greenhouseRead MoreGlobal Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Essays793 Words   |  4 Pages What is the greenhouse effect? It is the behavior of solar radiation when it interacts with gasses in the Earths atmosphere. The Sun gives off a wide spectrum of energy which we classify according to its wavelength. Among the types of energy given off by the sun are ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared (IR) wavelengths. UV is short wavelength high-energy radiation, visible is mid-wavelength, mid-energy radiation, and IR is long wavelength low-energy radiation. Read MoreEssay on Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect 1500 Words   |  6 Pages Global Warming is due to the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that aids in heating the Earths surface and atmosphere. It results from the fact that certain atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane, are able to change the energy balance of the planet by being able to absorb longwave radiation from the Earths surface. Without the greenhouse effect, life on this planet would probably not exist as the averageRead MoreEssay on Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect1912 Words   |  8 PagesGlobal Warming and the Greenhouse Effect   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recently, global warming has moved to a serious scientific issue. Because sunlight is constantly falling on the earth, the law of physics say that the planet has to radiate the same amount of energy back into space. Infrared radiation is sent out by the earth through the atmosphere, where molecules (carbon dioxide) hold outgoing radiation for a while, warming the surface.1 The molecules are kind of like glass in a greenhouse which is why this processRead More Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesGlobal Warming and the Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect, in environmental science, is a popular term for the effect that certain variable constituents of the Earths lower atmosphere have on surface temperatures. It has been known since 1896 that Earth has been warmed by a blanket of gasses (This is called the greenhouse effect.). The gases--water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4)--keep ground temperatures at a global average of about 15 degrees C (60 degrees F). WithoutRead MoreEssay on The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming1837 Words   |  8 PagesThe greenhouse effect is an important phenomenon and is currently holding national and international attention. Why is there an interest in the effect? Why are people willing to invest so much time and effort investigating its consequences and willing to suffer by them? What is the basis for believing the effect is real? The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process, which is initiated by the sun. It is a result of the fact that there are gases in the Earth’s atmosphere which containRead MoreThe Effects Of Greenhouse Gases On Global Warming Essay3424 Words   |  14 Pages Diagram A is a visual representation of the greenhouse effect and the role greenhouse gases play in this greenhouse effect. How do greenhouse gases in the atmosphere affect global warming? Many of the greenhouse gases in the troposphere are naturally produced, which is why the Earth is able to stay at a constant average global temperature. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas in which is affecting global warming, not because of naturally produced carbon dioxide, but mainly because of man

Great Expectations By Charles Dickens - 1278 Words

Great Expectations is a suspenseful novel that was crafted by Charles Dickens. It encompasses an orphaned-low class boy, Pip, and his journey to adulthood. His childhood surrounds his aspirations to one day be a gentlemen. Throughout the novel, Pip encounters several events and faces a variety of people who all shape the person he is. Teeter-tottering between expectations vs reality, right vs wrong, and revenge vs reward, Great Expectations amplifies the struggles that an orphaned boy encountered on his way to love and success. In the novel, Pip befriends Miss Havisham. She is a lonesome, jilted bride who plays a dramatic role in Pip’s life, that is, she initiated his hopes of becoming a gentlemen. Throughout Great Expectations, it is†¦show more content†¦Some of the windows had been walled up; of those that remained, all the lower were rustily barred† (Dickens 55). This justifies that Miss Havisham willingly secludes herself from others. She confines herself i n her mansion because she believes if she does, she will not be hurt again. Another Neurotic Need that Miss Havisham displays in the uncontrollable desire to control others, specifically Estella. That girl (Estella) is hard and haughty and capricious to the last degree, and has been brought up by Miss Havisham to wreak revenge on all the male sex.† (Dickens 186). With this quote said by Herbert, he is amplifying the hatred that Miss Havisham has for men. She is so damaged and heart-broken because of what a man had done to her, so she seeks revenge. She manipulates and controls Estella to torture and hurt other men. Considering the previous, it is reasonable to suggest that Miss Havisham potentially suffers from Neurosis. It is also a possibility that Miss Havisham is affected by Emotional Deprivation Disorder. This is a disorder in which an individual exhibits severe anxiety and low self-esteem due to the lack of emotional support and strength from a spouse. â€Å"Emotional Deprivation Disorder† For the duration of the story, Miss Havisham displays inferiority by unconsciously believing that she will never have another lover again. To support her mental stupor, Miss Havisham has difficulty opening up to people and letting them in. She constantly doubtsShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardshi ps provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginning of the novel. From the opening ofRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1669 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the greatRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1017 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencer is somewhere else absorbing knowledge of a different setting.This abstract adventure is seized by author Charles Dickens in Great Expectations. Great Expectations is historical fiction giving readers comprehension of the Victorian Era.Upon the reading, readers begin to catch on the intended purpose and its significance. A person who lived during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens himself.He grew up during a time where differences in social class were to an extreme degree.Dickens went through

Advertising Impact on Society - 1190 Words

Advertising’s impact on Society Marshall McLuhan, a Canadian philosopher of communication theory said, â€Å"Advertising is the greatest art form of the 20th century.† Like many works of art, advertising is constantly pushing the limits of what is appropriate. It is hard to escape the constant bombardment of advertisements; they are all around us and they have an impact on our cultural values as a society. Industries take full advantage of this constant exposure in order to sell their products, so as a result advertisements are pushing the envelope even further to catch the attention of its viewers. According to Jean Kilbourne, creator of the acclaimed documentary Killing Us Softly, â€Å"over a $180 billion are now spent on advertising in the U.S. and the average person sees over 3,000 ads daily† (Kilbourne). Sex and consumption have become overtly connected in many of the advertisements seen today. This Skyy Vodka ad is an excellent example of the inappropriate nature of advertisements and the neg ative affect they have on society. The SKYY Vodka advertisement that is featured in Maxim Magazine is not only selling alcohol it is selling the concept of sexuality through images of sexual innuendo. There is nothing subtle about the message behind this advertisement. The image depicts a bottle of dark blue Skyy infusions All Natural Cherry vodka against a bright red background. The bottle is placed between two women, one Caucasian and the other African American. From what we can gatherShow MoreRelatedAdvertising And Its Impact On Society1178 Words   |  5 Pagescomes to advertising these differences are not put aside, especially in terms of gender and race. According to Schroeder Borgerson (1998), advertising is quite significant when influencing, building and illustrating consumers vision of the good life, which includes sexual attraction. Domzal Kernan (1993), added that, advertising images represent an essential part of the experienced visua l world. Reality and advertising are notRead MoreRole of Advertising and its impact on society.2376 Words   |  10 Pagespractice of advertising have been reshaping the society people live in. The force of advertising reaches out and touches everyone living and working in the modern world today. Advertising is claimed by its practitioners to be largely responsible for the good things in life and is criticized by its opponents as the cause of unpleasant things (Lee Johnson, 1999). The impact of advertising on the society is a fiercely debated topic, and has been ever since the conception of advertising in its mostRead MoreAdvertising Has A Impact On Society Essay1938 Words   |  8 PagesAdvertising has had a major impact on society. Some may be considered positive and some negative. 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Business Analysis Valuation-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Outline the Method used in Presenting the Statement of Cash Flows for each Company. 2.Examine the information in relation to cash flow from operating activities, Cash Flow from Investing activities and cash flow from Financing activities 3.Based on the analysis, you are required to make Conclusions and recommendation. 3.a.Which Business would you expect to be a better short-term credit risk. 3.b.Do you think both Companies have adequate Cash resources? 3.c.Assess both Companies ability to survive in the longer term. 3.d.Which Company is better at generating cash from their Sales Revenue? Answers: 1.The direct method which is being applied for presenting a statement of cash flows represents specified cash flows regarding the items which affect cash flow. The main advantage which can be attained through application of the direct method is that it reveals operating cash and receipts. The same is not available in the indirect method. JB Hi- Fi The company has applied the direct method of cash flow statement in for presenting cash flows relating to the company in the annual report. Further, reconciliation statement regarding net cash inflow from operating activities has been appropriately provided in the annual report of the company. Figure 1: Reconciliation statement of net cash inflow from operating activities to profit (Source: Annual report of JB HI FI, 2016) Harvey Norman Harvey Norman Holdings Ltd has also applied the direct method for presenting cash flows relating to operating, financing and investing activities in the annual report of the company. Further, reconciliation statement relating to cash and cash equivalents available at the end of the year as well as a reconciliation of profit after income tax to net operating cash flows has been provided in an appropriate manner. It can be concluded that Harvey Norman Ltd has presented the reconciliation in the more appropriate manner in comparison to JB Hi-Fi by providing a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year. Figure 2: Notes Accounts of Cash Flow Statement (Source: Annual report of Harvey Norman, 2016) 2.JB Hi- Fi Analysis of Cash Flow Statement JB Hi Fi has applied the direct method in order to present cash flow statement in its annual report. Further, reconciliation statement regarding net cash inflow from operating profits has been provided in notes to accounts in an appropriate manner (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). However, reconciliation relating to cash and cash equivalent balance has not been provided in detail, rather the same has been explained by way of a note in notes to accounts of financial statements. Other than this point, all the activities relating to financing, investing and operating have been appropriately bifurcated and presented in cash flow statement in annual report Table 1: Trend of cash flow from operating activities Year 2016 2015 2014 Cash Flow from operating activities $185.14 million $179.89 million $41.326 million Year JB Hi- Fi Liquidity Ratios Working Capital Ratio 1.57 Cash Flow Adequacy 1.21 Work Capital Ratio: The ratio assesses the relationship between current assets and current liabilities. In case of JB Hi-Fi in accordance with ratio evaluation, it can be concluded that sufficient current assets are available to the company to pay off or accomplish current liabilities of the organization. Cash Flow Adequacy Ratio: The ratio analysis the ability of the company to meet its future debt obligations. For assessing the same free cash flows available to the company are divided by long term debts which will mature over next five years (Annual report of JB HI FI, 2016). The above analysis concludes that JB Hi-Fi has adequate funds in order to pay off its long term debts. Company Name JB Hi- Fi Solvency Ratio Debt to Total Assets 0.06 Debt coverage ratio 3.73 Debt to Total Asset Ratio: The specified ratio assesses the extent of solvency of the company. In case this ratio is high, the company is deemed risky and high leveraged organization. In the present scenario, as the ratio is .6 which means 60 % of the assets is financed through debt (Chandrasekaran, Manimannan and Kumar, 2013). Although the risk framework is evaluated and analyzed with input from senior management for identifying and managing risk in an appropriate manner, the same required to be done with more efficiency so that the ratio can be improved and risk relating to same can be reduced. Debt Coverage Ratio: The ratio represents the ability of a company to pay off its debts. JB Hi-Fi is having higher debt coverage ratio, which can be said the strength of the organization. Thus, it can be concluded that appropriate revenues are available in order to pay off the existing debt obligation of the organization. Company Name JB Hi- Fi Profitability Ratios Cash Flow to Sales ratio 0.05 Cash Flow to Sales Ratio In the present case of JB Hi-Fi, as the cash flow to sales ratio is 0.05; which specifies that .05 cent of operating cash flow is generated through every sales dollar. The higher the amount, the favourable for the organization, as the same is too low, it requires being improved. The same can be improved through assessing the relationship between cash generated from operation and sales. Harvey Norman Analysis of Cash Flow Statement The direct method of cash flow provides details relating to operating cash receipts and payment. In the present scenario, Harvey Norman has adopted the same method for presenting cash flow in its annual report. Further, it has reconciliation statement of cash equivalents as well as cash flow from operating activities in appropriate manner (Halim, Osman and Haniff, 2012). The company is having a policy of preparing cash flow forecast after evaluating all the operations of the business and efforts are made to achieve predetermined goals with the assistance of financial and no-financial key performance indicators of the organization. Table 2: Trend of cash flow from operating activities Year 2016 2015 2014 Cash Flow from operating activities $437.69 million $340.45 million $338.9 million From above provided it can be assessed that Harvey Norman is having an increasing trend of operating cash flows. However despite improved cash flows from operating activities the closing cash balance of company has been decreased by $45.97 million in comparison to balance which was available in a previous year (Annual report of Harvey Norman, 2016). Due to the same reason, the payment higher payment and interest bearing loans have been funded through existing cash reserves rather than eternal debt. Therefore, it can be concluded that debt to equity ratio requires being improved as the same was prominent in previous years. Company Name Harvey Norman Liquidity Ratios Working Capital Ratio 1.26 Cash Flow Adequacy 1.21 Work Capital Ratio: Working Capital ratio assesses whether the company has sufficient short term assets in order to cover its short term debt. In the present case, as the ratio is above one, the same indicates that Harvey Norman Ltd has sufficient current assets in order to pay off short term debts (Healy and Palepu, 2012). Even after paying all the debts, it is having a current asset or positive working capital. It also specifies that sufficient operating liquidity is existing in business. Cash Flow Adequacy Ratio: It is one of the main financial metrics which is applied for evaluating the sufficiency of cash in an organization. In case the ratio is above one; if represents that sufficient liquidity is present in the company for accomplishing required business obligations. It can be concluded from above cash flow adequacy ratio that company will be able to pay off all long term annual debt with existing free cash flows. Company Name Harvey Norman Solvency Ratio Debt to Total Assets 0.39 Debt coverage ratio 1.77 Debt to Total Asset Ratio: Debt to the Total asset can be interpreted as that proportion of organizations asset which is being financed by debt. In the present case, it can be assessed that 39% of the assets are being financed by debt (Ormiston and Fraser, 2013). It can be concluded through the study that company has grown and produced profits in order to expand the assets. Harvey Norman can be said as less leveraged firm, and thus it has required asset for paying off the existing liabilities in case required. Debt Coverage Ratio: It evaluates the amount of cash flow available for payments relating to interest, principal, lease payment and sinking fund. As the debt coverage ratio of Harvey Norman Ltd is approximately near to two, it can be concluded that the company has sufficient operating income in order to pay off debt obligations. Thus, sufficient cash is available for its current interest, principal amount and sinking fund obligations as it is able to generate sufficient revenues for paying the same. Company Name Harvey Norman Profitability Ratios Cash Flow to Sales ratio 0.24 Cash Flow to Sales Ratio: The ratio evaluates the ability of a company to turn its operating cash flow into net revenues. The investor receives an idea through this ratio regarding the capability of the company to turn cash into sales. Net cash flow from the operation has increased 97.24 million, $437.69 which is an increase in comparison to $340.45 million of the prior year (Saunders, Cornett and McGraw, 2006). Even though, company requires to make an effort to improve this ratio by increasing the capacity of converting sales into cash at a higher rate. 3.a Company Name Harvey Norman JB Hi- Fi Liquidity Ratios Working Capital Ratio 1.26 1.57 Cash Flow Adequacy 1.21 1.21 Figure 3: Comparison of Liquidity of both the companies Credit risk can be specified as a risk for not repaying the existing debts. From above table, it can be assessed that JB Hi-Fi is a comparatively better short term credit risk as it has higher working capital ratio. The same represents that it has sufficient funds in comparison to Harvey Norman Ltd for repaying its current debts. 3.b Table 3: Comparative cash ratios Company Name Harvey Norman JB Hi- Fi Cash Flow to Sales ratio 0.24 0.05 Cash Flow Adequacy 1.21 1.21 Table 4: Comparative cash Flow from operating activities Year 2016 2015 2014 JB HI FI $185.14 million $179.89 million $41.326 million Harvey Norman $437.69 million $340.45 million $338.9 million By considering ration analysis of both the companies it can be noticed that company has sufficient cash resource to manage liquidity of business (Strumickas and Valanciene, 2015). Further, cash adequacy ratio of both the entities is similar and having an increasing trend of cash from operational activities. This factor shows improving the capacity of business in terms of cash generating efficiency. 3.cBoth the companies are having sustainable future in the long term as their annual report show future financial plans for further growth and success. Further, financial ratios also do not indicate any sign regarding termination or closure of operational activities in the near future. Management of both the entities are focused on improving their financial and market performance to attain competitive advantage 3.dBy considering the cash flow to sales ratio, it can be cited that Harvey Norman is performing comparatively better than JB HI-FI. Company Name Harvey Norman JB Hi- Fi Cash Flow to Sales ratio 0.24 0.05 References Books and Journals Brigham, E. and Ehrhardt, M., (2013). Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning Chandrasekaran, R., Manimannan, G. and Kumar, C.A., (2013). Assessment of Top Ranking Companions Using Financial Ratios. In International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology. ESRSA Publications. Halim, M.S.A., Osman, O. and Haniff, M.S., (2012). Financial Ratio Analysis: An Assessment of Malaysian Healy, P. and Palepu, K., (2012). Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Ormiston, A. and Fraser, L.M., (2013). Understanding financial statements. Pearson Education. Saunders, A., Cornett, M. M., and McGraw, P. A. (2006).Financial institutions management: A risk management approach. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Strumickas, M. and Valanciene, L., (2015). Development of Modern Management Accounting System. Engineering Economics. 21(4). Online Annual report of JB HI FI. (2016). [PDF]. Available through https://www.jbhifi.com.au/Documents/2016%20JB%20Hi-Fi%20Annual%20Report_ASX.pdf . [Accessed on 1st September 2017]. Annual report of Harvey Norman. (2016). [PDF]. Available through https://www.harveynormanholdings.com.au/pdf_files/2012_Annual_Report_Final.pdf . [Accessed on 1st September 2017].

Intolerance in to Kill a Mockingbird free essay sample

The theme of intolerance is fully explored in the case of Tom Robinson and the underlying racism shown in the treatment of him. Intolerance is met by all three main characters, Scout, Atticus and Jem but is experience by many of the other supporting characters.  There was no one kind of intolerant person; they all came from different background, which is testimony to the point of the book ‘You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of views. ’ This quote shows that you have no idea why a person does what they do until you experience things from their point of view. This idea is why the trial happened, and explains why Tom was accused of raping Mayella. The racism shown in Maycomb has been a part of the town for a long time and is ingrained in the society’s mindset. †¦I hope and pray I can get Jem and Scout through it without bitterness, and most of all, without catching Maycomb’s usual disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Intolerance in to Kill a Mockingbird or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ’ When Atticus says usual disease he is referring to his experiences in Maycomb ‘Why reasonable people go stark raving mad when anything involving a Negro comes up, is something I dont pretend to understand’. This shows that from what Atticus can see no matter what happens if something goes wrong with a black person in Maycomb the people will go crazy until they get their way with them whether that be in trial or attack. And due to what is said earlier we assume it has always been this way which would explain why in the novel we see how a person’s race can turn another person against them for no good reason but that they had grown up that way and believing they are superior. In the novel we see how an innocent man is used as an object of elevation to propel an insecure man forward in the judgemental society he lives in. This is done with Bob Ewell and Mayella accusing Tom Robinson of raping Mayella despite it being next to impossible. Bob Ewell takes Tom to court because he is unhappy with his position in society and he and his family are described as filthy humans and uneducated and sees the joy Tom has in his life as an opportunity to propel himself by appealing to Maycomb’s feelings towards Black people. We know this to be true when Bob says something in court that is offensive to appeal to the white folk, ‘†¦I seen that black nigger yonder ruttin’ on my Mayella! ’ after that a ruckus begins meaning Bob succeeded in his plan. This idea of propelling yourself y taking someone else down displays that Bob knows because he is white and Tom is Black he will have the support of the majority, in fact even family members of Atticus support him. Throughout the novel Atticus and his family are judged and condemned for defending a black man, for example the constant comments directed to the children by Mrs Dubose ‘†¦Not only a Finch waiting on tables but one in the court-house la wing for niggers! ’ This shows that the public disapprove of their actions but they are not alone. Because they grew up in Maycomb and didn’t grow as a person like Atticus we see his own family attack and condemn Atticus, ‘I can’t say I approve of everything he does. ’ This quotes shows that even living with Atticus and seeing why he does what he does without being raised by him Alexandra still shows he intolerant views but she is less stern than she was at the beginning of the book ‘’ so we assume she is starting to come and see his ways we know she was fully against him as her own son had picked up on her use of the term ‘†¦nigger-lover. This shows that when a person is exposed to common sense and a fair view of all people they can begin to change. Ultimately throughout Harper Lee’s novel, we see that despite what is good and right the majority of people in the town are intolerant to black people because that is how they were raised. We witness the growth of many characters in the novel from their views to another in part icular Alexandra finally begins to see why her beliefs were bad but we also see Atticus’s children begin to understand all that is wrong with society. Not only that but we witness people take advantage of people for their own gains ignoring all rational and fair thoughts. To Kill a Mockingbird is a story about people no understanding why people do what they do, which relates to the central quotes of the novel, book ‘You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of views. ’ Harry Adam.

Orientalism essays

Orientalism essays There is no way to divide the world into us and them and still avoid conflict between the two groups, yet this is how the world has been seen through the eyes of some for much of history. People try to define themselves by that which they are not, and in the case of the Orient, these people saw others who were completely different from them. The cultural and religious differences made it easy to separate themselves from the Orient, but according to the west, the differences did not stop there. The Oriental seemed physically or mentally different. The western world looked at the intricacies of the east, and labeled them different and inferior. The Newtonian Revolution presented a good argument for this point of view. The Orient was stuck in the past, and resistant to change. In this way, the people of the Orient seemed to be behind the rest of the world This supposed difference in thinking boiled down to how people viewed the world around them. Henry Kissinger describes it like this in his essay Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy. Cultures which escaped the early impact of Newtonian thinking have retained the essentially pre-Newtonian view that the real world is almost completely internal to the observer... Bernard Cohen describes it in his book The Newtonian Revolution as follows. The signs of the revolution can also be seen in internal aspects of science: aims, methods, results. Bacon and Descartes agreed on one aim of the new science, that the fruits of scientific investigation would be the improvement of mans condition here on earth: agriculture, medicine, navigation and transportation, communication, warfare, manufacturing, mining. Many Scientists of the seventeenth century held an older point of view, that the pursuit of scientific understanding of nature was practical insofar as it might advance mans comprehen...

Sports logo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports logo - Essay Example It was established 54 years ago, and the present-day sports logo of the team did not undergo significant changes since then. Today Minnesota Vikings looks a little bit different from what it used to be in 1961, when the team was founded under its present name. However, the image of a Norseman or Viking, which is a core symbol of the team, has left untouched with minor changes being introduced since the day one of its existence. It was altered first in 1965, when the face of the Norseman was turned from left to right and new colors were added, not mention the slight change of the size of the image. The next time it was upgraded in 2013, when the shape of two horns on the helmet of the Norseman were slightly changed, as well as facial features that became a little bit more sharpened than before. The dominant colors of the present-day Minnesota Vikings sports logo are yellow, purple or velvet and white. The hair and the helmet of the Norseman are of yellow color, while the horns on the helmet are white with black tips. There is a velvet string on the helmet, which contrasts the dominant color wheel of the image to a certain extent. The gradation of direction of the image, obviously, aims at adding movement to the Norsemans shape. The oblique lines of the face might suggest the readiness for action; while a horizontal line that is seen in Norsemans helmet might suggest stability, which symbolizes self-confidence. The texture of the image is hard and rough. The sports logo containing the image of a Viking as a symbol of a Minneapolis football team was first used in 1960. The owners of the newly created American football team, Minnesota Vikings, decided to use this very logo as the image of a team mainly because Minnesota is a state being famous nationwide for a large portion of American population originated from Scandinavian countries. In fact, almost ten million

Role of Registered Nurse in Hospice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role of Registered Nurse in Hospice - Essay Example Their goal is to reduce suffering, control symptoms and restore functional capacity of patients suffering from incurable, progressive illnesses. A RN in a hospice setting has to fill several roles from medication and supervision to emotional support. They also have to be extremely sensitive to the patient’s personal, cultural and religious values, beliefs and practices. Patients in hospice care are not on any type of life-prolonging medical treatment (Hussain, 2011). Instead, they are put on pain management and other comfort measures to assist them in the dying process (Hussain, 2011). Since it is not easy to care for patients with terminal illnesses, the role of a Registered Nurse is pivotal in ensuring that the patients and their families have a supportive and caring environment. A Registered Nurse in hospice care is required to perform a variety of roles as listed below: Case Manager As a case manager, the RN is responsible for assessing and managing the patient’s ca re. Each patient is assigned one case manager so that they can build a trusting relationship and ensure continuity of care. The RN is also the eyes and ears of the hospice physician and, therefore, must have expert assessment skills. As part of their role, the RN monitors the vital signs, manage medications, especially pain medications and take care of the overall needs of the patient (Morrow, 2009). They are required to assess pain, symptoms, nutritional status, bowel functions, safety, and psychosocial-spiritual concerns of the patient and the family (Knight & Gunten, 2004). The RN also plays a major role in educating the family about the disease progression, use of medications, daily care needs and other aspects of the overall plan of care (Knight & Gunten, 2004). If a patient has a food craving late at night, the RN will also arrange for someone to get it from the store (Morrow, 2009). If the patient is at home, the nurse may also help the family members in doing some of the hou sehold chores, so that the family can focus on their loved one. In a hospice setting, the RN has the unique opportunity to witness a patient’s last moments and therefore, they must be extremely compassionate and empathetic. They serve as advocates for the patient, ensuring that all activities work towards the benefit of the patient. They should also be a critical thinker so as to ensure that the entire stay of the patient in the hospice facility is supportive and caring. The RN is also required to educate and supervise the nursing assistants to coordinate care for the patient. Intake and Admission Nurse As an intake and admissions nurse, the RN is often the first hospice personnel to meet the patient. They meet with the patient and their family and spend a considerable amount of time with them explaining the philosophy of hospice and developing an appropriate plan of care (Morrow, 2009). The RN is also responsible for conducting a complete assessment of the patient and determ ining the needs and preparedness of the patient to stay in a hospice setting (Morrow, 2009). They then consult with the hospice physician before admitting a patient into the facility. Once the patient is admitted, the RN orders the required medications and equipment and begins educating the patient and the family about hospice care. Triage Nurse As a triage nurse, the RN

Machine Learning In Medical Applications Health And Social Care Essay

Machine Learning In Medical Applications Health And Social Care Essay Machine Learning (ML) aims at providing computational methods for accumulating, changing and updating knowledge in intelligent systems, and in particular learning mechanisms that will help us to induce knowledge from examples or data. Machine learning methods are useful in cases where algorithmic solutions are not available, there is lack of formal models, or the knowledge about the application domain is poorly defined. The fact that various scientific communities are involved in ML research led this scientific field to incorporate ideas from different areas, such as computational learning theory, artificial neural networks, statistics, stochastic modeling, genetic algorithms and pattern recognition. Therefore, ML includes a broad class of methods that can be roughly classified in symbolic and subsymbolic (numeric) according to the nature of the manipulation which takes place whilst learning. 2.Technical discussion Machine Learning provides methods, techniques, and tools that can help solving diagnostic and prognostic problems in a variety of medical domains. ML is being used for the analysis of the importance of clinical parameters and of their combinations for prognosis, e.g. prediction of disease progression, for the extraction of medical knowledge for outcomes research, for therapy planning and support, and for overall patient management. ML is also being used for data analysis, such as detection of regularities in the data by appropriately dealing with imperfect data, interpretation of continuous data used in the Intensive Care Unit, and for intelligent alarming resulting in effective and efficient monitoring. It is argued that the successful implementation of ML methods can help the integration of computer-based systems in the healthcare environment providing opportunities to facilitate and enhance the work of medical experts and ultimately to improve the efficiency and quality of medical care. Below, we summarize some major ML application areas in medicine. Medical diagnostic reasoning is a very important application area of computer-based systems (Kralj and Kuka, 1998; Strausberg and Person, 1999; Zupan et al., 1998). In this framework, expert systems and modelbased schemes provide mechanisms for the generation of hypotheses from patient data. For example, rules are extracted from the knowledge of experts in the expert systems. Unfortunately, in many cases, experts may not know, or may not be able to formulate, what knowledge they actually use in solving their problems. Symbolic learning techniques (e.g. inductive learning by examples) are used to add learning, and knowledge management capabilities to expert systems (Bourlas et al., 1996). Given a set of clinical cases that act as examples, learning in intelligent systems can be achieved using ML methods that are able to produce a systematic description of those clinical features that uniquely characterize the cli nical conditions. This knowledge can be expressed in the form of simple rules, or often as a decision tree. A classic example of this type of system is KARDIO, which was developed to interpret ECGs (Bratko et al., 1989). This approach can be extended to handle cases where there is no previous experience in the interpretation and understanding of medical data. For example, in the work of Hau and Coiera (Hau and Coiera, 1997) an intelligent system, which takes real-time patient data obtained during cardiac bypass surgery and then creates models of normal and abnormal cardiac physiology, for detection of changes in a patients condition is described. Additionally, in a research setting, these models can serve as initial hypotheses that can drive further experimentation. 2.1 Methodology In this section we propose a new algorithm called REMED (Rule Extraction for MEdical Diagnostic). The REMED algorithm includes three main steps: 1) attributes selection, 2) selection of initial partitions, and finally 3) rule construction. 2.1.1 Attributes Selection For the first step we consider that in medical practice the collection of datasets is often expensive and time consuming. Then, it is desirable to have a classifier that is able to reliably diagnose with a small amount of data about the patients. In the first part of REMED we use simple logistic regression to quantify the risk of suffering the disease with respect to the increase or decrement of an 574attribute. We always use high confidence levels (>99%) to select attributes that are really significant and to guarantee the construction of more precise rules. Other important aspect to mention is that depending on the kind of association established (positive or negative) through the odds ratio metric, we build the syntax with which each attributes partition will appear in the rules system. This part of the algorithm is shown in the top of figure 1. 2.1.2 Partitions Selection The second part of REMED comes from the fact that if an attribute x has been statistically significant in the prediction of a disease, then its mean x (mean of the values of the attribute) is a good candidate as initial partition of the attribute. We sort the examples by the attributes value and from the initial partition of each attribute, we search the next positive example (class = 1) in the direction of the established association. Then, we calculate a new partition through the average between the value of the found example and the value of its predecessor or successor. This displacement is carried out only once for each attribute. This can be seen in the middle part of figure 1. 2.1.3 Rules Construction In the last part of the algorithm, we build a simple rule system of the following way: if (ei,1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ p1) and (ei,j à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ pj ) and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and (ei,m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ pm) then class = 1 else class = 0 where ei,j denotes the value of attribute j for example i, pj denotes the partition for attribute j and the relation à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ or à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ depends on the association attribute-disease. With this rule system we make a first classification. We then try to improve the accuracy of our system by increasing or decreasing the value of each partition as much as possible. For this we apply the bisection method and calculate possible new partitions starting with the current partition of each attribute and the maximum or minimum value of the examples for this attribute. We build a temporal rule system changing the current partition by each new partition and classify the examples again. We only consider a new partition if it diminishes the number of false positives (FP) but does not diminish the number of true positives (TP). This step is repeated for each attribute until we overcome the established convergence level for the bisection method or the current rule system is not able to decrease the number of FP (healthy persons diagnosed incorrectly). This part of the algorithm is exemplified at the bottom of figure 1. We can appreciate that the goal of REMED is to maximize the minority class accuracy at each step, first selecting the attributes that are strongly associated with the positive class. Then stopping the search of the partition that better discriminates both classes in the first positive example, and finally trying to improve the accuracy of the rule system but without diminishing the number of TP (sick persons diagnosed correctly). 3. Machine learning in complementary medicine 3.1 Kirlian effect a scientific tool for studying subtle energies The history of the so called Kirlian effect, also known as the Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) technique (a wider term that includes also some other techniques is bioelectrography), goes back to 1777 when G.C. Lihtenberg in Germany recorded electrographs of sliding discharge in dust created by static electricity and electric sparks. Later various researches contributed to the development of the technique (Korotkov, 1998b): Nikola Tesla in the USA, J.J. Narkiewich-Jodko in Russia, Pratt and Schlemmer in Prague until the Russian technician Semyon D. Kirlian together with his wife Valentina noticed that through the interaction of electric currents and photograph plates, imprints of living organisms developed on film. In 1970 hundreds of enthusiasts started to reproduce Kirlian photos an the research was until 1995 limited to using a photo-paper technique. In 1995 a new approach, based on CCD Video techniques, and computer processing of data was developed by Korotkov (1998a;b) and his team in St. Petersburg, Russia. Their instrument Crown-TV can be routinely used which opens practical possibilities to study the effects of GDV. The basic idea of GDV is to create an electromagnetic field using a high voltage and high frequency generator. After a thershold voltage is exceeded the ionization of gas around the studied object takes place and as a side effect the quanta of light { photons are emitted. So the discharge can be fixed optically by a photo, photo sensor or TV-camera. Various parameters in °uence the ionization process (Korotkov, 1998b): gas properties (gas type, pressure, gas content), voltage parameters (amplitude, frequency, impulse waveform), electrode parameters (configuration, distance, dust and moisture, macro and micro defects, electromagnetic field configuration) and studied object parameters (common impedance, physical fields, skin galvanic response, etc.). So the Kirlian effect is the result of mechanical, chemical, and electromagnetic processes, and field interactions. Gas discharge acts as means of enhancing and visualization of super-weak processes. Due to the large number of parameters that in °uence the Kirlian effect it is very di ±cult or impossible to control them all, so in the development of discharge there is always an element of vagueness or stochastic. This is one of the reasons why the technique has not yet been widely accepted in practice as results did not have a high reproducibility. All explanations of the Kirlian effect apprehended  °uorescence as the emanation of a biological object. Due to the low reproducibility, in academic circles there was a widely spread opinion that all observed phenomena are nothing else but  °uctuation of the crown discharge without any connection to the studied object. With modern technology, the reproducibility became su ±cent to enable serious scientific studies. Besides studying non-living objects, such as water and various liquids (Korotkov, 1998b), minerals, the most widely studied are living organisms: plants (leafs, seeds, etc. (Korotkov and Kouznetsov, 1997; Korotkov, 1998b)), animals (Krashenuk et al., 1998), and of course humans. For humans, most widely recorded are coronas of fingers (Kraweck, 1994; Korotkov, 1998b), and GDV records of blood excerpts (Voeikov, 1998). Principal among these are studies of the psycho-physiological state and energy of a human, diagnosis (Gurvits and Korotkov, 1998), reactions to some medicines, reactions to various substances, food (Kraweck, 1994), dental treatment (Lee, 1998), alternative healing treatment, such as acupuncture, bioenergy, homeopathy, various relaxation and massage techniques (Korotkov, 1998b), GEM therapy, applied kineziology and  °ower essence treatment (Hein, 1999), leech therapy, etc., and even studying the GDV images after death (Korotkov, 1998a). There are many studies currently going on all over the world and there is no doubt that the human subtle energy field, as vizualized using the GDV technique, is highly correlated to the humans psycho-physiological state, and can be used for diagnostics, prognostics, theraphy selection, and controling the effects of the therapy. 4.Limitation M. Schurr, from the Section for Minimal Invasive Surgery of the Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, gave an invited talk on endoscopic techniques and the role of ML methods in this context. He referred to current limitations of endoscopic techniques, which are related to the restrictions of access to the human body, associated to endoscopy. In this regard, the technical limitations include: restrictions of manual capabilities to manipulate human organs through a small access, limitations in visualizing tissues and restrictions in getting diagnostic information about tissues. To alleviate these problems, international technology developments focus on the creation of new manipulation techniques involving robotics and intelligent sensor devices for more precise endoscopic interventions. It is acknowledged that this new generation of sensor devices contributes to the development and spread of intelligent systems in medicine by providing ML methods with data for further processing. Cu rrent applications include suturing in cardiac surgery, and other clinical fields. It was mentioned that particular focus is put by several research groups on the development of new endoscopic visualizing and diagnostic tools. In this context, the potentials of new imaging principles, such as fluorescence imaging or laser scanning microscopy, and machine learning methods are very high. The clinical idea behind these developments is early detection of malignant lesions in stages were local endoscopic therapy is possible. Technical developments in this field are very promising, however, clinical results are still pending and ongoing research will have to clarify the real potential of these technologies for clinical use. Moustakis and Charissis work (Moustakis and Charissis, 1999) surveyed the role of ML in medical decision making and provided an extensive literature review on various ML applications in medicine that could be useful to practitioners interested in applying ML methods to improve the efficiency and quality of medical decision making systems. In this work the point of getting away from the accuracy measures as sole evaluation criteria of learning algorithms was stressed. The issue of comprehensibility, i.e. how well the medical expert can understand and thus use the results from a system that applies ML methods, is very important and should be carefully considered in the evaluation. 5.Improvement Conclusion The workshop gave the opportunity to researchers working in the ML field to get an overview of current work of ML in medical applications and/or gain understanding and experience in this area. Furthermore, young researchers had the opportunity to present their ideas, and received feedback from other workers in the area. The participants acknowledged that the diffusion of ML methods in medical applications can be very effective in improving the efficiency and the quality of medical care, but it still presents problems that are related to both theory and applications. From a theoretic point of view, it is important to enhance our understanding of ML algorithms as well as to provide mathematical justifications for their properties, in order to answer fundamental questions and acquire useful insight in the performance and behavior of ML methods. On the other hand, some major issues which concern the process of learning knowledge in practice are the visualization of the learned knowledge, the need for algorithms that will extract understandable rules from neural networks, as well as algorithms for identifying noise and outliers in the data. The participants also mentioned some other problems that arise in ML applications and should be addressed, like the control of over fitting and the scaling properties of the ML methods so that they can apply to problems with large datasets, and high-dimensional input (feature) and output (classes-categories) spaces. A recurring theme in the recommendations made by the participants was the need for comprehensibility of the learning outcome, relevance of rules, criteria for selecting the ML applications in the medical context, the integration with the patient records and the description of the appropriate level and role of intelligent systems in healthcare. These issues are very complex, as technical, organizational and social issues become intertwined. Previous research and experience suggests that the successful implementation of information systems (e.g., (Anderson, 1997; Pouloudi, 1999)), and decision support systems in particular (e.g., (Lane et al., 1996; Ridderikhoff and van Herk, 1999)), in the area of healthcare relies on the successful integration of the technology with the organizational and social context within which it is applied. Medical information is vital for the diagnosis and treatment of patients and therefore the ethical issues presented during its life cycle are critical. Understanding these issues becomes imperative as such technologies become pervasive. Some of these issues are system-centered, i.e., related to the inherent problems of the ML research. However, it is humans, not systems, who can act as moral agents. This means that it is humans that can identify and deal with ethical issues. Therefore, it is important to study the emerging challenges and ethical issues from a human-centered perspective by considering the motivations and ethical dilemmas of researchers, developers and medical users of ML methods in medical applications.

Adam Smiths Lectures on Jurisprudence Essay -- Economics Lectures Jur

Adam Smith's Lectures on Jurisprudence Adam Smith, in his Lectures of Jurisprudence, makes an argument for the necessity of marriage through biological mechanisms. While superficially similar, his arguments seem to differ greatly from the modern notion of how labor is distributed within the household. Instead of examining the comparative advantages in production between the husband and the wife, Smith seems to focus on the importance of lineage and, more specifically, inheritance. The foundation of Smith’s argument for the necessity of marriage is rooted in children. He begins with examples contrary to the human experience. He finds that in mammals, since â€Å"the support of the young is no burthen to the female† any further relation is seen as unnecessary (Smith 438). Birds, however, â€Å"some such thing as marriage seems to take place† (438). He quickly counters with: â€Å"but whenever the young can shift for themselves all further inclination ceases† (438). The essential piece of this argument here is the demands made on the parent by the child. According to his argument, th...

Australian Consumer Law Tutorial Answers

A representative for Scoutmaster told Mrs. Trans that: ; â€Å"We believe the new rent is very reasonable and below the market value†; and The rent is lower than the rental paid by other tenants in the Food Court† Both statements were incorrect. Scoutmaster gave Mrs. Trans 7 days to agree to the lease renewal, but provided no reason for giving this limited time frame. Advise Mrs. Trans as to whether Scoutmaster Pity Ltd has breached the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (previously referred to as Trade Practices Act 1974 (Act)) and if so, her available remedies.Issue: Were the statements misleading or deceptive in breach of the Australian Consumer Law? Law: ; Section 18, Schedule 2 to the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Act) (or alternatively you can say Section 18 Australian Consumer Law which is the title for Schedule 2) ; Section 4 (â€Å"presumption of misleading†) ; Eveready Australia Pity Ltd v Gillette Australia Pity Ltd OR Taco Company of Status Inc v T aco Bell Pity Ltd (â€Å"objective test†) Application: ; Explain which of the statements was an opinion and why the law presumes it was misleading (e was there any basis for making the opinion? ; Apply the objective test to the second statement made by the Scoutmaster representative. In particular: (what will be the target market and why would a reasonable person from that target market be misled or deceived? Issue: Did Scoutmaster engage in unconscionable conduct? ; Section 22 Australian Consumer Law ; Miller v Gunter & Ours OR Commercial Bank of Australia v Amid ; Explain why section 21 and not section 20 applies ; Explain why Scoutmasters' conduct was in trade or commerce ; Explain what the conduct was and why it was unconscionable, with reference to the factors listed in section 22 of the Australian Consumer Law.In particular: o The superior bargaining position of Scoutmaster o Ability to understand documents o Undue pressure and tactics used Issue: Did Scoutmaster make a false or misleading representation? Section Australian Consumer Law ; Explain why the statements were false regarding the price of a service, in particular noting what the relevant price is and what the service is in the question. Issue: What are the remedies? Law: Section 236 (damages); Section 232 (injunction); Section 243 (other orders) ; Explain the remedies that Mrs. Trans would be seeking as you are advising her and not the AC.In particular: o Explain what an injunction would do and why Mrs. Trans would want this remedy; o Explain when Mrs. Trans would be entitled to damages and how damages would be calculated o Explain when Mrs. Trans loud want to vary the contract and what the variation would be o Explain when Mrs. Trans would want to void the contract and what the effect of voiding the contract would be Conclusion: ; Scoutmaster has engaged in misleading and deceptive conduct, unconscionable conduct and made a false or misleading representation in respect of the price of a service.

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1686 Words

â€Å"Simply because we’re licked a hundred years before we started is no reason for us not to try to win† (Lee 101). One of the major lessons of Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird is to always do the right thing. The text is told through the narrator Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch. She lives in the small, old town of Maycomb, Alabama with her brother, Jem Finch and her father, Atticus. Across the street from the Finch lives Arthur â€Å"Boo† Radley who is believed to be a horrible human. Rumor has it he eats squirrels and cats and is locked in the basement of his house for these actions when he was a teen. Throughout the novel, there is also a trial that has inundates the whole town. It is between Tom Robinson and the daughter of Bob Ewell. Mr. Ewell is a disgrace to the town. In the book To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee uses characterization to show that people should always do the right thing even when faced with big obstacles. First, Lee shows courage through the character of Mrs. Dubose. Mrs. Dubose is an elderly, angry lady who lives near the Finch family. She also happens to have an addiction to morphine, which the children do not know at the time. Jem’s punishment is to read to her everyday for a month for going and destroying her prized, impeccable camellia bushes after he got fed up with her taunts about Atticus. After a month of Jem and Scout reading to Mrs. Dubose, she passes away. Atticus explains to his children that their reading was intended to help stave herShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee†™s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-America ns in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, herRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,